PHÒNG CHỐNG BÃO ! – Prevent storm damage – Prévention des catastrophes naturelles

Liên minh Châu Âu (bao gồm 25 nước thành viên và một Hội đồng) nói chung là một trong những nhà cứu trợ nhân đạo chính của Thế giới. Và ECHO được thành lập vào năm 1992 như là Tổ chức Cứu trợ nhân đạo của Ủy Ban Châu Âu, chịu trách nhiệm quản lý hoạt động nhân đạo này. Liên minh Châu Âu đã ủy nhiệm cho tổ chức ECHO nhiệm vụ giúp đỡ và cứu trợ khẩn cấp đến những nạn nhân bị ảnh hưởng bởi thảm họa thiên nhiên. Sự cứu trợ với mục đích là đến được tận tay những người thiếu may mắn trong cơn thảm họa thông qua các đối tác của tổ chức ECHO.

Kể từ năm 1992 đến nay, tổ chức ECHO đã tài trợ cho các dự án cứu trợ nhân đạo của hơn 85 quốc gia về cứu trợ khẩn cấp sau các thiên tai, cứu trợ cho nạn đói hay những người di dân với tổng số hơn 500 triệu euro mỗi năm.Với những tiêu chí này, sau cơn bão Xangsane vừa qua, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế cũng đã được tài trợ bởi ECHO về việc tái thiết nhà ở cũng như cuộc sống của những gia đình bị ảnh hưởng trong bão. Đặc biệt là Huyện Phú Lộc, nơi bị tàn phá nặng nề nhất của Tỉnh, thông qua đơn vị đối tác thực hiện DW. Thời gian dự kiến cho dự án này là 06 tháng.Vừa qua, Phái đoàn Châu Âu gồm có: Bà Agnes Le-Thiec và Bà Maria Olsen, hai thành viên của tổ chức ECHO đã đến thăm và làm việc với Dự án DW về việc triển khai dự án cũng như là các kết quả đã và đang đạt được. Với chỉ  01 ngày ở Huế, đoàn ECHO đã chứng kiến tận mắt mình sự đổ nát cũng như cuộc sống của người dân sau thảm họa thiên tai của cơn bão Xangsane vừa qua khi đến thăm xã Lộc Vĩnh, thuộc huyện Phú Lộc, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Tại đây, đoàn ECHO cũng đã tham dự một buổi Lễ khởi công cho nhóm xây dựng nhà mới ở thôn Bình An 2 của xã và gặp gỡ các gia đình hưởng lợi. Phát biểu trong buổi Lễ, bà Agnes Le-Thiec đã giới thiệu về tổ chức ECHO, về dự án ECHO đang tài trợ và mong muốn sự hợp tác tích cực giữa đơn vị thực hiện là dự án DW và các chính quyền chức năng địa phương sao cho công việc được hoàn thành tốt đẹp và đúng với thời hạn mà dự án đã đề ra. Tiếp sau đó, Đoàn cũng đã đi thăm một số hộ gia đình hưởng lợi đang được dự án hỗ trợ tái thiết lại nhà bị sập sau bão và có cơ hội trò chuyện thân mật với họ.Sau khi thăm xã Lộc Vĩnh, vào 1 giờ chiều cùng ngày Đoàn cũng đã ghé thăm xã Lộc Trì, một xã khác của huyện Phú Lộc.Tại đây, công việc tiến triển khá tốt, hầu hết các ngôi nhà bị sập của nhóm 1 được dự án hỗ trợ tái thiết sau bão đang được hoàn thiện, điển hình là phần móng và phần tường. Đoàn ECHO cũng đã tìm hiểu được cuộc sống của người dân trước đây, họ đã sống trên những con thuyền nhỏ ven sông trước khi được Nhà nước và Dự án hỗ trợ để có được ngôi nhà an toàn tránh được bão lụt.Điểm dừng cuối cùng của Đoàn là Văn phòng Dự án DW, Đoàn cũng đã làm việc với Dự án về các hoạt động đang được triển khai cũng như những thuận lợi và khó khăn mà dự án đang gặp phải. 

The Starting Ceremony of the Project“Rebuilding a safer future to families caused by the storm N°6”in Phu Loc District. (Thua Thien Hue Newspaper 17 01 07)  Recently, at Phu Loc District, Prevent typhoon damage to housing Organization in Central Vietnam (Development Workshop– DW), and the People’s Committee of Phu Loc District organised the ceremony of the Project “Rebuilding a safer future to families affected by the storm 6 (Xangsane) in Central Viet Nam” funded by ECHO (European Commission Humanitarian Organisation) in 06 months implementation from 15^th of December to May, 05^th of 2007. In the suggestion of ECHO (Sponsor), rebuilt houses supported by project must be safe houses, and the chosen beneficiaries are families with destroyed houses in the storm 6 and who couldn’t afford to rebuild. If these are reinforced houses, beneficiaries should have unroofed houses in the storm. All houses as well as public buildings which have been already repaired after the cyclone do not belong to project’s beneficiary. Project grasps the point of view that it will not allow one family can get benefits from many different funds at the same time, it should share to the other families. This rebuilding project will be implemented in 5 communes of Phu Loc District: Loc Dien, Vinh Hien, Loc Vinh, Loc Tri, Loc Thuy. The total expenses of the project are 210.875 Euro. There are 200 families which get benefit directly and about 1.400 families which get benefit indirectly from project. Besides, project’s fund will also support to rebuild some schools, health centers, building some harbors to prevent the storm, to resettle the people in the cyclone area, training for builders who build the anti-storm houses, and public buildings. Supporting aid for each rebuild house is 16 million dong and 3 million dong for each unroofed house.

Events such as hurricane Katrina that hit and largely destroyed New Orleans, the 2004 Tsunami in the Indian Ocean and the 2005
Pakistan earthquake have once again raised public awareness of the threat and impact of natural hazards. The media also highlights the probability that climate change will increase the risk and violence of some types of natural disaster. What does not get so much attention is the issue of vulnerability – the degree of susceptibility to a natural hazard (Lewis1999)(1) We should in effect not really be so concerned with the hazard itself as in the impact of hazards on human settlements and on the people that live in them. And vulnerability – the degree of susceptibility to damage, destruction and death and the impact that any of these events has on families and individual and on communities as a whole – is in turn conditioned by the decisions and actions of society over time (Lewis 1999). Whether or not the frequency and violence of natural hazards is changing, and for whatever reason, it is unquestionable that human vulnerability is evolving and paradoxically, in contexts as far apart is New Orleans and
Vietnam, vulnerability is increasing. In other words, people are often not only more exposed to the immediate impact of a hazard, but also to the longer term impact through the effects of losses sustained. This article considers the increase in vulnerability to material and economic loss caused by natural hazards that has occurred in
Central Vietnam in the last twenty years, and the steps that have been taken by the NGO
Development Workshop to reduce this vulnerability through preventive action to strengthen houses. 
Central Vietnam is hit annually by major floods and typhoons. Smaller windstorms are a regular event. The population is used to living with disaster, but the impact of these events has been changing. Prior to 1985 the majority of people living in central
Vietnam in houses built with very local and essentially gathered materials. These houses were easily destroyed by floods, storms and typhoons. But within a matter of days with the help of neighbours the houses was rebuilt using local resources and at almost no cost. People had very few belongings, and thus not much to lose. Whilst losses of life and injury were often very high, vulnerability in terms of loss of the home and belongings was in practice very low, because recovery was easy. 
However in1986 as part of the Đổi mới (renewal)(2) process the Vietnamese government began introducing social and economic reforms that were to have far reaching on the lives of individual families. One of these was that families could keep a greater proportion of the profit from their farming or other activities. With their new savings, families began to replace their traditional shelter with new houses using more durable materials – cement blocks, fired bricks, ceramic roof tiles and corrugated sheeting, all of which had to be partially or totally paid for. These new houses have an economic value. They also represent a new and two fold source of vulnerability. Firstly, more than 70% (3) of these new houses are badly built or unfinished, with the result that they do not incorporate typhoon or flood resistant features in their design and construction, including a range of defects such as roofs that are too flat, tiles and roof sheets that are inadequately fixed, a lack of bracing in the structure. This means that even in a small storm, the roof is quickly destroyed and the structure damaged. In a typhoon, destruction is widespread. Secondly, with an average reconstruction cost of £500 – £700, when disaster strikes, the family has to find a considerable sum of money to rebuild their home. Many families tell of rebuilding their house four or five times, and each time, this is a major setback, reversing the improvement of living conditions and family health and productivity. With greater investment in the home and a shift to modern building techniques and styles, the effect is that vulnerability has increased as there is more to lose. Building on earlier experience in Vietnam (4) since 1999
Development Workshop has promoted the preventive strengthening of existing houses in Central Vietnam with support initially from Canada (CIDA), and since 2003 from the European Union (ECHO) (5). Preventive strengthening is based on the application of ten key generic principles of typhoon and flood resistant design and construction that can be applied to almost all types of construction. DW encourages preventive strengthening through rapid training of artisans and community leaders, through the application of the ten key points on individual homes with family participation and on public buildings, and through awareness raising events in schools and in public places using ‘media’ ranging from theatre to boat races, traditional community communication methods through to TV to get across the message that prevention is easy, cheap and durable. Although every house has different strengthening needs, on average the cost of strengthening is about 25% of the value of the house. DW has supported preventive strengthening with the promotion of access to credit for preventive strengthening and explores other ways that families can get financial support and encouragement to protect their home.  

In 1999, community leaders thought the DW idea of strengthening houses was laughable. In October 2006; after Typhoon Xangsane (6)  hit central
Vietnam, the provincial authorities issued an edict to all the population and authorities stating that the DW ten key principles had to be applied to houses and public building to avoid further damage from future disasters. The effect of having strengthened hundreds of buildings, and the fact that these withstood the impact of a major typhoon have gone a very long way in convincing families and leaders alike that investing in prevention is cheaper than waiting till a storm comes and paying the high price of reconstruction. Just as people accept that vaccination can reduce the risk of disease, the idea that you can vaccinate your home against the storm is becoming popular. DW France, March 2007 - Background: Regular natural disasters and socio economic change in recent years have combined to increase the vulnerability of families to economic loss. 

- Objective:

• To reduce vulnerability and risk at community level in the face of floods and storms;
• To demonstrate that communities are important partners in the DRR process;
• To show that preventive strengthening is viable;
• To create the institutional environment in which community based prevention can be sustained

- Term/Time Frame: Started in 2000, ongoing in 2007; Overall 10 – 12 years to achieve national impact. - Activities undertaken: Support preventive strengthening of buildings; develop local institutional environment for prevention; skills developed; community DRR action planning, wide range of communication and animation events to convey popular message. 

- Major achievements: Convincing families, community and provincial leaders that preventive strengthening techniques to houses and public buildings is cost effective in reducing the risk of damage and loss caused by floods and typhoons. - Total Budget: 1 500 000 $ over 8 years 

- Contact details
John Norton, Development Workshop France, BP 13, 82110 Lauzerte, France;
Guillaume Chantry, DW Vietnam: 91/44APhan Dinh Phung, Hué, TTH, Vietnam;

[ii] This overview of Đổi mới draws on Economic Renovation In Vietnam by Tim Thompson and Joel Prater of California State University, Chico, California, USA, and made available on www.csuchico.edu.

[iii] Survey undertaken by Development Workshop, and statistics from communes in Thua Thien Hué, Central Vietnam

[iv] UNCHS Project VIE/85/019 on the ‘Disaster preparedness and rehabilitation in Binh Tri Thien province Vietnam’,designed and implemented by DW (in consortium with GRET, Groupe d’échange et de recherche technologiques, France).

[v] CIDA – Canadian International Development Agency; ECHO – European Commission / Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid) – Disaster prevention programme DIPECHO

[vi] 20 000 houses destroyed, 250 000 houses unroofed in 3 central provinces